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[Tutorial] Metatables & Metamethods
Bolodefchoco
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#1
  3

Metatables & Metamethods
http://img.atelier801.com/6424f30d.png Special thanks to Jujubitz

　In Lua, there are diferent types of metamethods. They peform some features in a table, and this same table that contains a metamethod is called a metatable.

　"This metatable is a Lua table that defines the behavior of the original value under certain special operations. You can change a number of aspects of an operation behaviour on a value by specifying fields in the metatable.", (Lua manual)

　Each metamethod is preceded by two underscores ( _ ) and the name of the event, as in __event.

Functions Summary:
» getmetatable(table)
    - If the argument table is a metatable, this function will return all the metamethods of this table, except in the instant that a metamethod called __metatable exists; that one will be the only returned.
» setmetatable(table, metatable)
    - Sets the new metamethod(s) on the inserted table, although if the argument metatable is nil, the metamethod(s) embed on the table will be removed, and if the metamethod __metatable is on the original inserted table (if it’s not the first metamethod or the table is already a meta one), an error will be returned.
Metamethods Summary:
__index(list,index)
    - It’s triggered when an index of the table is called. The arguments are list (table) and index (name of the variable).
    Example
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    garbage = setmetatable({},{
    	__index = function(list,index)
    		return "Not Nil! Biiiirl! The monster!!!!!"
    	end
    })

    garbage.Tig = 1
    garbage.Noob = 2

    print(garbage["Tig Noob"])
    print(garbage.Tig)
    print(garbage["Noob"])
    		　
__newindex(list,index,value)
    - It’s triggered when an index is created inside the table. The arguments are list (table), index (name of the variable) and value (value of the new variable)
    Example
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    calc = setmetatable({},{
    	__newindex = function(list,index,value)
    		if type(value[1]) == "number" and type(value[2]) == "number" then
    			local math = {
    				[1] = value[1],
    				[2] = value[2],
    				add = value[1] + value[2],
    				sub = value[1] - value[2],
    				mul = value[1] * value[2],
    				div = value[1] / value[2],
    			}
    			rawset(list,index,math)
    		else
    			rawset(list,index,value)
    		end
    	end
    })

    calc.cake = {10,20}

    print(calc.cake[1])
    print(calc.cake[2])
    print(calc.cake.add)
    print(calc.cake.sub)
    print(calc.cake.mul)
    print(calc.cake.div)
    		　
__call(list,arg)
    - It’s triggered when a table is called a function. The arguments are list (table) and arg (parameter(s) passed during the calling) (can also be represented as ...)
    Example
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    local call = {
    	__call = function(list,arg)
    		print(("[%s [%dy]] %s!"):format(arg.name,arg.age,arg.quote))
    	end
    }

    humanProfile = setmetatable({},{
    	__newindex = function(list,index,value)
    		rawset(list,index,setmetatable(value,call))
    	end
    })

    humanProfile[1] = {
    	name = "Homer Simpson",
    	age = 40,
    	quote = "I am sorry, God, but I do not trust you!",
    }


    humanProfile[1](humanProfile[1])
    		　
__concat(...)
    - It’s triggered when a concatenation of different values occurs (e.g.: a table with a string). The argument is ..., which all the concatenated values are passed. (Also represented with o1, o2)
    Example
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    local concat = {
    	__concat = function(...)
    		local values = {}
    		local args = {...}
    		for i = 1,#args do
    			if type(args[i]) == "table" then
    				for k,v in next,args[i] do
    					values[#values + 1] = v
    				end
    			else
    				values[#values + 1] = args[i]
    			end
    		end
    		return table.concat(values,", ")
    	end
    }

    list = setmetatable({},{
    	concat,
    	__newindex = function(list,index,value)
    		if type(value) == "table" then
    			rawset(list,index,setmetatable(value,concat))
    		else
    			rawset(list,index,value)
    		end
    	end
    })

    list.food = "pasta"
    list.soda = {"coke","grape"}
    list.trolls = {"Tigrounette","Pikashu"}

    print(list.soda .. list.trolls .. list.food)
    		　
__add(n1,n2)
    - It’s triggered when a sum occurs between non numeric (or between 1 numeric and non numeric) values. The arguments are n1 and n2, the two numbers or "values" that are being added up.
    Example
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    sMath = setmetatable({},{
    	__add = function(n1,n2)
    		n1,n2 = (type(n1) == "table" and #n1 or n1),(type(n2) == "table" and #n2 or n2)
    		return n1 + n2
    	end
    })

    sMath[1] = 0
    sMath[2] = 0
    sMath[3] = 0
    sMath[4] = 0

    print(sMath + sMath + 2)
    		　
__sub(n1,n2)
    - It’s triggered when a subtraction occurs between non numerics (or between 1 numeric and non numeric) values. The arguments are n1 and n2, the two “numbers" or "values" that are being subtracted.
    Example
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    sMath = setmetatable({},{
    	__sub = function(n1,n2)
    		n1,n2 = (type(n1) == "table" and #n1 or n1),(type(n2) == "table" and #n2 or n2)
    		return n1 - n2
    	end
    })

    sMath[1] = 0
    sMath[2] = 0
    sMath[3] = 0
    sMath[4] = 0

    print(sMath - 3)
    		　
__mul(n1,n2)
    - It’s triggered when a multiplication between non numeric (or between 1 numeric and non numeric) values occurs. The arguments are n1 and n2, the two "numbers" or "values" that are being multiplied.
    Example
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    sMath = setmetatable({},{
    	__mul = function(n1,n2)
    		n1,n2 = (type(n1) == "table" and #n1 or n1),(type(n2) == "table" and #n2 or n2)
    		return n1 * n2
    	end
    })

    sMath[1] = 0
    sMath[2] = 0
    sMath[3] = 0
    sMath[4] = 0

    print(sMath * 4)
    		　
__div(n1,n2)
    - It’s triggered when a division between non numeric (or between 1 numeric and non numeric) values occurs . The arguments are n1 and n2, the two "numbers" or "values” that are being divided.
    Example
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    sMath = setmetatable({},{
    	__div = function(n1,n2)
    		n1,n2 = (type(n1) == "table" and #n1 or n1),(type(n2) == "table" and #n2 or n2)
    		return n1 / n2
    	end
    })

    sMath[1] = 0
    sMath[2] = 0
    sMath[3] = 0
    sMath[4] = 0

    print(sMath / 4)
    		　
__pow(n1,n2)
    - It’s triggered when occurs an exponenciation (1²) between non numeric (or between 1 numeric and non numeric) values. The arguments are n1 and n2, the two "numbers" or "values" that are being exponentiated.
    Example
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    sMath = setmetatable({},{
    	__pow = function(n1,n2)
    		n1,n2 = (type(n1) == "table" and #n1 or n1),(type(n2) == "table" and #n2 or n2)
    		return n1 ^ n2
    	end
    })

    sMath[1] = 0
    sMath[2] = 0
    sMath[3] = 0
    sMath[4] = 0

    print(sMath ^ 2)
    		　
__mod(n1,n2)
    - It’s triggered when a mod (1%2 (Gets the rest of division between two numbers)) occurs between non numeric numbers (or 1 numeric and non numerics). The arguments are n1 and n2, the two "number" or "values" that are being "moduled".
    Example
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    sMath = setmetatable({},{
    	__mod = function(n1,n2)
    		n1,n2 = (type(n1) == "table" and #n1 or n1),(type(n2) == "table" and #n2 or n2)
    		return n1 % n2
    	end
    })

    sMath[1] = 0
    sMath[2] = 0
    sMath[3] = 0
    sMath[4] = 0

    print(sMath % 3)
    		　
__unm(n1)
    - It’s triggered when a non numeric value is called unary (in this case, it’s the same as setting it "-var" in order to make the var number a negative one). The argument is n1, the "number" or "value” that is being turned into a negative number.
    Example
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    sMath = setmetatable({},{
    	__unm = function(n1)
    		n1 = (type(n1) == "table" and #n1 or n1)
    		return -n1
    	end
    })

    sMath[1] = 0
    sMath[2] = 0
    sMath[3] = 0
    sMath[4] = 0

    print(-sMath)
    		　
__metatable()
    - Blocks the function getmetatable from collecting the real metamethods from the inserted table and, instead of it, ends up returning the metamethod __metatable as a way of protection.
    Example
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    str = setmetatable({},{
    	__metatable = "Nothing here, noob!",
    	__newindex = function(list,key,value)
    		print(key .. " Biirl!")
    		rawset(list,key,value)
    	end
    })

    print(getmetatable(str))
    print(getmetatable(str).__newindex)

    str.test = '?'

    tbl = setmetatable({},{
    	__newindex = function(list,key,value)
    		print(key .. " Huuuu!")
    		rawset(list,key,value)
    	end
    })

    print(getmetatable(tbl))
    print(getmetatable(tbl).__newindex)

    tbl.test = '?'
    		　
Mescouleur
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#2
  2
looks amazing
good job
King_seniru
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#3
  1
TY Bolo!
Wtal
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#4
  1
But why we use them. It would be better if i ask that if i didnt use metatables do it throw any error. If yes give an example pls. TY
And Nice thread!
Bolodefchoco
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#5
  1
Mouseclick1 a dit :
But why we use them. It would be better if i ask that if i didnt use metatables do it throw any error. If yes give an example pls. TY
And Nice thread!

Well. Try this code (sum a table to 100)

Code Lua
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a = {10, 20, 30, 40, 70}

print(a + 100)
--input:3: attempt to perform arithmetic on a table value (global 'a')

Now, let's use a metatable in " a " that returns the first value of the table when we try to sum it to something
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a = {10, 20, 30, 40, 70}

a = setmetatable(a, {
	__add = function(obj1, obj2)
		if type(obj1) == "table" then
			-- First value if is number or the value 1
			obj1 = tonumber(obj1[1]) or 1
		end
		if type(obj2) == "table" then
			-- First value if is number or the value 1
			obj2= tonumber(obj2[1]) or 1
		end

		return obj1 + obj2
	end
})

print(a + 100)
print(a + {20,30})
-- 110 (a[1] + 100)
-- 30 (a[1] + 20), 20 because ({20, 30})[1] = 20
King_seniru
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#6
  1
So why we use values form tables without adding them by integers
Bolodefchoco
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#7
  1
Indika123 a dit :
So why we use values form tables without adding them by integers

Sorry, what do you mean?
Censere
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#8
  2
Nice, sort of looks like the "magic methods" of a Python class.

Dernière modification le 1517617200000
Bolodefchoco
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#9
  1
Drescen a dit :
Nice, sort of looks like the "magic methods" of a Python class.

Kinda xD It's metaprogramming
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